LER Cover Story:
Wound Talk with Dr. Windy Cole: Giving Lymphedema the Squeeze: All Things Compression
In traditional medicine, we often treat the vascular, integumentary, and lymphatic systems as separate silos. However, the “Veil Theory,” championed by Dr. Heather Hettrick, reveals that these systems are inextricably linked. At the center of this connection is the endothelial glycocalyx, a microscopic, sieve-like layer within our blood vessels that regulates the movement of fluid and proteins.
By Dr. Windy Cole, DPM, CWSP, FACCWS, FFPM RCPS (Glasg) with Dr. Loan Lam DPM, FAWPHc, FAPWCA, CWSP, CHWS, CLWT and guest Cam Ayala
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Feature Articles
CAGA 101: The 12 Dirty Truths of Foot Mechanics
Dirty Truth #4: Shock Absorption is Energy Loss–Understanding Loading in Gait Analysis
Perhaps the most surprising and unintuitive of all the dirty truths is number four, “Shock absorption via cushion is energy loss.” At first blush, cushion seems like a no-brainer benefit. When we delve into this idea a bit deeper, applying our structure, the forces acting on the lower limbs, and applying the physics that we talked about in the last three dirty truths, the truth of number four becomes clear.
By Jay Segel, DPM; Sally Crawford, MS
Forefoot Adduction Strengthens the Abductor Hallucis in HV
Integrating targeted exercises focused on AH strengthening, both pre- and post-surgery, offers a comprehensive approach to HV management. The abductor hallucis (AH) is the most important muscle in the…
By Giacomo Farì, Laura Dell’Anna, Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Rachele Mancini, Enrica Chiaia Noya, Carlo De Serio, Riccardo Marvulli, Luisa De Palma, Danilo Donati, Roberto Tedeschi, Maurizio Ranieri, Marisa Megna, and Andrea Bernetti
Lower Extremity Injuries Managed by Fire Department Emergency Medical Services
Emergency medical services (EMS) calls accounted for 65.2% of all incidents to which United States (US) fire departments responded in 2023. A portion of fire department EMS calls are likely to involve lower extremity injuries. The objective of this study was to describe the pattern of these lower extremity injuries.
By Mathias B. Forrester, BS
Antimicrobial Resistance in Wound Care
Chronic, hard-to-heal wounds are a major aspect of care in most podiatric offices, which is why antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating concern for healthcare practitioners. AMR is not only a growing concern for patient health but also poses potential legal and economic ramifications for healthcare providers.
By Windy Cole, DPM, CWSP, FAPWH
Non-Unions of the Hind Foot
Hind foot non-unions are a complex orthopedic challenge that clinicians face, particularly due to the unique anatomy and weight-bearing responsibilities of this part of the foot. Non-unions occur when a fracture fails to heal nine months after injury or shows no radiographic improvement over a consecutive 3-month period. This condition is not only painful but can also severely impact mobility and quality of life.
By Zeeshan Husain, DPM, FACFAS, FASPS
CAGA 101: The 12 Dirty Truths of Foot Mechanics
Dirty Truth #3: What We Can’t See Is Key. In the last 2 installments, we talked about our problematic foot anatomy and what happens to the structure during weight bearing and activity. Much like how a mousetrap precisely captures its target, analyzed computer-aided gait analysis (CAGA) reports accurately “mousetrap” and track the unseeable, providing valuable insights and objective data.
By Jay Segel, DPM; Sally Crawford, MS
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ShortTakes From the Literature
Exercise, Kinesiology Tape or Orthosis Best for Pain in Women with HV
One of the most common foot health problems in adults is hallux valgus. The...
Outcomes after Arthroscopic Broström-Gould Procedure for CLAI
Chronic lateral ankle sprains are common injuries that are largely sequelae of...
Freeze-Dried Platelet-Derived Concentrate for Achilles Tendon Rupture in Athletes
Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs) often occur in competitive athletes. Various...
Posture Adaptations to Varying Visual Conditions in Dancers & Non-Dancers with CAI
Even though dancers have good postural control ability, ankle sprain is the...
Factors Impacting Lower Limb Injury in Female Runners
Running is a popular form of physical activity with significant health...
Risk Factors of Ankle Sprain in Soccer Players
Soccer is associated with substantial injury risk, with reported between 13 to...
Positive Outcomes of Medial Arch-Hindfoot Reconstruction in Children
Although surgical alignment of the rear-foot might be sufficient to achieve...
Sports- and Recreation-Related Toe Fractures
Fractures of the toes are among the most frequently diagnosed lower extremity...
A Foot Forward for Optimum Health
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Industry News & Updates
Pediatric Soft Exoskeleton Made of Smart Materials
A next-generation lightweight, soft exoskeleton for children with cerebral...
AOPA Announces 2026 Board of Directors
The American Orthotic and Prosthetic Association (AOPA) has announced its 2026...
Researchers Engineer Treatment Design Software for Movement Impairments
Researchers led by Benjamin J. Fregly, PhD, a professor of mechanical...
Insulin + Metformin May Be a New DFU Treatment
Researchers from Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, and South...
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When an Ankle Injury Isn’t Just a Sprain
Background: A 13-year-old male athlete with no history of injuries, was playing in a middle school...
Proximal Tibiofibular Synostosis in a Female Soccer Athlete
Background: Osteochondromas are the most prevalent benign bone tumor, occurring mostly in the long...
“Robotic pill” safely delivers injectable osteoporosis drug
A proven and effective medication for osteoporosis, which is currently only available as an...
BMI alone may not be a sufficient indicator of metabolic health
Evidence shows that a high proportion of U.S. adults with normal body mass index (BMI) still have...
Full recovery may be possible among men who use steroids for muscle growth
Full recovery of testosterone production may be possible for men who wish to stop using...
A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
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The SteriShoe® shoe sanitizer is designed specifically for footwear. This patented product features dual, non-ozone producing 5-watt UVC germicidal bulbs safely housed in steel frames that slip into your shoes. Once activated, they emit light at a wavelength that...
Walking Assistance Wearable Robot
WIM (We Innovate Mobility) is a walking assistance wearable robot designed for the active young generation, seniors seeking improved mobility, and patients recovering from lower extremity injuries. Weighing just 1.6 kilograms, it can be donned or doffed in under 30...
Minimally Invasive ACL Repair Implant
The proprietary bio-engineered Bridge-Enhanced® ACL Repair (BEAR®) Implant is used to facilitate healing of the torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) by acting as a bridge between the 2 ends of the torn ligament. The surgeon injects a small amount of the patient’s own...
Minimally Invasive ACL Repair Implant
The proprietary bio-engineered Bridge-Enhanced® ACL Repair (BEAR®) Implant is used to facilitate healing of the torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) by acting as a bridge between the 2 ends of the torn ligament. The surgeon injects a small amount of the patient’s own...
Vibration Stimulation for Tendinopathy
Tend-Deep is an easy-to-use, at-home wellness device that uses pinpointed direct vibrational stimulation with multiple patterns and settings to provide convenient at-home treatment for pain points and tendons. The device’s direct vibration stimulation specifically...
Bunion Screw Technology
Voom™ Medical Devices’s Revcon™ bunion screw technology is indicated for use in minimally invasive bunion surgery (MIBS). The patented dual-zone screw technology features alternating non-compressive thread pitches targeted to the cortical and cancellous regions of the...
Elevating Walker-Chair
The Zeen® is a groundbreaking “Elevating Walker-Chair” that supports mobility and autonomy for those whose lives are restricted due to a variety of physical limitations. Compared to traditional walkers and wheelchairs, the device continually supports users while...
Compression Calf Sleeves
The R2 3.0 compression calf sleeve by COMPRESSPORT® is designed to increase stability and reduce shocks. The seamless, multi-gradual compression, quick-drying fabric, and specially designed K-Protect band reduce impact. The new 3D weave activates the proprioceptors:...
Shoes for Healthcare Professionals
Clove Nursing Shoes are engineered to keep up with the rigorous demands of medical professionals, providing all-day comfort and stability. A 10mm heel drop and blister-preventing heel cup ensure maximum comfort during long shifts. ASTM-certified slip-resistant...
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