LER Cover Story:
Snake Bites to the Lower Extremity Reported to U.S. Emergency Departments
Background: Thousands of snake bites occur in the U.S. each year. Venomous snake bites can produce serious adverse effects, and even bites from nonvenomous snakes may cause adverse effects. Snake bites are often treated at hospital emergency departments (EDs). The objective of this study was to describe snake bites to the lower extremity treated at US hospital EDs.
By Mathias B. Forrester, BS
lerEXPO Upcoming Events
Feature Articles
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT): College is My Time…to Put My Foot Forward for Lifespan and Healthspan Success
I recently explored and explained the use of mobilization and tactile stimulation (MTS) in the previous article titled, “Sensory Input is Needed for Motor Output–The Foot of the Matter.” In this article, I focus on self-mobilization of the foot and ankle to promote self-efficacy for individuals with lower extremity (LE) sensory impairment resulting in…
By Dr. Jennifaye V. Brown
CAGA 101: The 12 Dirty Truths of Foot Mechanics
Dirty Truth: #8 Every step is different – The Importance of Tracking Gait Variability Through Aging. This dirty truth sits like an unrecognized norm in our DNA and plays out like a knee-jerk reaction until we give it a little thought. We have 2 legs, 2 knees (no pun intended), 2 ankles, and 2 feet. The general public thinks they are the same in both form and function, but that is rarely the case.
By Jay Segel, DPM; Sally Crawford, MS
Guest Perspective: Important Message to Podiatrists and Pedorthists
One simple step in every patient evaluation can help save limbs and potentially save lives: assess the feet and lower legs for temperature on every patient who enters your office. A basic infrared temperature gun is inexpensive, easy to use, and widely available. Many clinicians already have one at home. These devices typically cost around $20–$25 and can be easily incorporated into daily clinical screening.
Making Diabetic Foot Care Financially Sustainable
Like many physicians, coming out of residency I thought I’d fix the world one bunion at a time. Somewhere between my 745 and 746th bunion procedure, I came to the realization that while I was helping to relieve the pain my patients were feeling, this might not be a way for me to make a difference. Taking an objective look at my practice, I decided to focus on diabetics. That was the point that made me ask how I could make a practice financially viable with this as a focus.
By Mikel D. Daniels, DPM, MBA, President and Chief Medical Officer, WeTreatFeet Podiatry
lerEXPO Highlights: Minimally Invasive Achilles Tendon Repair and Post-op Rehabilitation–How Quick Can We Go
Achilles tendon ruptures are among the most devastating lower extremity injuries an athlete can face. Historically, the medical community has been divided between traditional open surgery and non-operative management. While open surgery effectively lowers the risk of re-rupture, the posterior ankle’s poor blood supply can sometimes lead to severe wound complications that can end careers. High-profile cases, such as NFL player Robert Mathis and…
By Kirk McCullough, MD
lerEXPO Highlights: Digital Solutions for Early Detection, Prevention and Personalized Treatment of the Diabetic Foot
The current model for managing diabetic foot syndrome is characterized as reactive and fragmented, contributing to a global crisis where a limb is lost to amputation every 20 seconds. Dr. Bijan Najafi, a bioengineer and research director at UCLA Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), says that “we can’t manage what we can’t measure,” advocating for a shift toward decentralized, proactive care facilitated by digital health technologies.
By Bijan Najafi, PHD, MSc
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Lower Extremity Review
ShortTakes From the Literature
Changes in Lower Extremity Tendon Thickness After Stroke Rehabilitation
Peripheral musculoskeletal structures may undergo changes after stroke, but...
Diabetic Socks: A Systematic Review of Commercial Products
In recent years, various diabetic socks have been developed and introduced to...
Achilles Tendon Properties of Jumping Leg in University Basketball Athletes
The Achilles tendon (AT) plays a crucial role in force transmission and...
Impact of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and debilitating complication...
Bilateral Achilles Tendon Injury in a 14-Year-Old Adolescent: Case Report
Achilles tendon (AT) wounds are defined as partial or complete disruptions of...
Effect of Otago Exercise Program with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on CAI
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common functional disorder in older...
Folinic Acid Improves Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
A novel folinic acid (FA) wound treatment (FAWT) significantly (P < 0.05)...
Foot and Ankle Biomaterials: A Comprehensive Review
Metallic biomaterials enable successful reconstruction of skeletal tissues by...
A Foot Forward for Optimum Health
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT): College is My Time…to Put My Foot Forward for Lifespan and Healthspan Success
I recently explored and explained the use of mobilization and tactile stimulation (MTS) in the previous article titled, “Sensory Input is Needed for Motor Output–The Foot of the Matter.” In this article, I focus on self-mobilization of the foot and ankle to promote self-efficacy for individuals with lower extremity (LE) sensory impairment resulting in…
By Dr. Jennifaye V. Brown
Industry News & Updates
New Shoe Better Accommodates an AFO
When 2 faculty members in the Colorado State University (CSU) Department of...
Jelly-like Material Used to Produce Bone Implants
If a broken bone is too severe to heal on its own or a bone tumor needs to be...
Customizable 3D-Printed Socket Is Lightweight, More Comfortable
A reimagined limb socket interface combines highly personalized pressure...
Lightweight Exoskeleton Helps Stroke Survivors Walk
Researchers led by Tommaso Lenzi, associate professor in the mechanical...
GLP1 Receptor Agonist Use Is Associated with Increased Risk of Osteoporosis, Gout, and Osteomalacia in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
INTRODUCTION: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have become central to the...
Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty is Associated with Improved Quality of Life and Increased Patient Satisfaction One Year after Surgery
INTRODUCTION: Approximately 15–20% of patients undergoing conventional total knee arthroplasty...
Early Sports Specialization Is Associated with Increased Orthopaedic Injury Incidence in NFL Athletes
INTRODUCTION: Single-sport specialization during adolescence has been increasingly adopted by...
E-Bike Orthopaedic Injuries Amongst Pediatric and Adolescent Patients at a Level I Trauma Center
INTRODUCTION: Electronic bicycle (E-bike) use is on the rise in the United States. E-bikes are a...
AAOS Highlights New AJRR Data
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Registry Program highlighted new findings from...
A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
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Lower Extremity Review
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Robotically Enabled Saw for Knee Replacements
The Mako RPS (Robotic Power System) for Total Knee is an intuitive handheld robotic system that combines Stryker’s proven robotics and power tool legacies and represents Mako’s expansion into a new robotics platform. Compatible with Stryker’s Triathlon® Total Knee...
Topical Foot Creams
ZenToes’ Magnesium Foot Cream with Arnica and 40% Urea Foot Cream topicals were developed with ingredient-led formulas designed to soften, condition, and refresh the skin on hardworking feet. Magnesium Foot Cream with Arnica is a calming recovery cream designed for...
Foot Pain Relief Device
FootRenew is a therapy device designed to provide relief from neuropathic foot pain. This product is tailored to support individuals who experience discomfort caused by various factors, including diabetes, arthritis, or prolonged periods of standing and walking. The...
Wearable, Portable LED Pain Relief
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Professional Lower-Limb Compression Therapy at Home
Built on Professional Sequential Air Compression Technology, the QN-071A features 4 independent air chambers that rhythmically inflate from foot to thigh. This wave-like compression mimics the body’s natural muscle pump, enhancing circulation, promoting lymphatic...
Flexible Syndesmotic Fixation Device
Stryker’s Synchfix™ EVT is a next-generation flexible syndesmotic fixation device designed to simplify surgical deployment while supporting ankle stabilization in patients with syndesmotic disruptions. Commonly associated with sports trauma and ankle fractures, ankle...
Support for Healthy Toenails
ProNail Complex is a topical mist spray that supports nail appearance, strength, and surface clarity by delivering plant-based oils, vitamins, and antifungal compounds directly to the nail and surrounding skin. The spray disperses ultra-fine particles designed to...


























