LER Cover Story:
Snake Bites to the Lower Extremity Reported to U.S. Emergency Departments
Background: Thousands of snake bites occur in the U.S. each year. Venomous snake bites can produce serious adverse effects, and even bites from nonvenomous snakes may cause adverse effects. Snake bites are often treated at hospital emergency departments (EDs). The objective of this study was to describe snake bites to the lower extremity treated at US hospital EDs.
By Mathias B. Forrester, BS
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Feature Articles
Brace Yourself: Everything You Need to Know About AFOs After Stroke
When you’re in the middle of a major medical crisis, there can be a lot of information to process. And what if you’ve never even heard of an ankle foot orthosis (AFO), don’t know what it’s for, how it works or how to use it. I’ve been there. (But as LER Magazine’s editor, I had heard of an AFO.) I recently had a completely unexpected medical emergency that resulted in an extended hospital stay, physical therapy and a physical therapist handing me an AFO and saying, “Try this.”
By January Shoaf, ler Magazine Editor
The Beginning of a Movement: How CLIF 2025 and the MAPS Initiative Are Shaping the Future of Limb Preservation
Each year, hundreds of thousands of Americans lose a limb due to non-traumatic amputation, most of which could have been prevented. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and its most severe form, critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), continue to devastate lives, particularly among…
By Dr. Laiq Raja, MD, FACC, FSCAI, Interventional Cardiologist and Endovascular specialist, Founder of The Limb Savers Society 501 c(3) Non-profit organization and the CLIF Conference.
Funding Cuts Threaten Both the Health of Patients and the Profession
Over the course of my career, I have operated at the crossroads of bioengineering and clinical orthotics, a combination that has provided me with a unique perspective on addressing challenges in prosthetics and orthotics. I collaborated with Georgia Institute of Technology to develop the curriculum for the first Master of Science in Prosthetics and Orthotics program.
By Géza F. Kogler, Ph.D, CO
Early Assessment and Intervention for Acquired Adult Flatfoot and PTTD
Early assessment and intervention of acquired adult flatfoot, particularly concerning Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) is essential. I’ll be discussing proactive management, emphasizing the importance of early intervention, comprehensive foot assessment, and the strategic application of orthotic devices to prevent the progression of PTTD and improve long-term patient outcomes.
By Dr. James McGuire DPM, LPT, LPed, FAPWHc
Management of Charcot Soft Tissue Complications
Charcot neuroarthropathy is a complex condition that often leads to considerable challenges due to its complex nature. One primary concern is the management of soft tissue complications, including chronic wounds and surgical dehiscence, which are prevalent among Charcot patients. These complications can significantly impact limb functionality and…
By Kelsey Millonig, DPM, MPH, FACFAS, DABPM, DABFAS
Lower Extremity Injuries Caused by Falls Treated at Hospital Emergency Departments
Falls are a major public health concern, causing millions of injuries in the United States (US) each year. A portion of injuries caused by falls are likely to involve the lower extremity. The objective of this study was to describe lower extremity injuries caused by falls treated at US hospital emergency departments (EDs).
By Mathias B. Forrester, BS
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ShortTakes From the Literature
Predictors of CAI in Soccer Players
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is prevalent among soccer players, often...
High-Intensity Training Vs. Moderate-Intensity Training in Sedentary Women
Regular physical activity is essential for improving cardiovascular health and...
Mechanical Properties of Achilles Tendon and Plantar Fascia in Patients with History of DFU
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a major complication of diabetes, often leading...
Optimized Nerve Management with Electrical Stim for Lower Extremity Neuroma
Nerve injury is the most common complication following foot and ankle surgery,...
Youth Soccer Lower Extremity Injuries Presenting to US Eds is Decreasing
Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were analyzed for...
Impact of Exercise in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and serious complication of...
Long Term Outcomes After Flexor Tendon Tenotomy of the Diabetic Foot
Hammertoes are one of not the most common deformities that afflicts the...
MTPD due to HADHA Variants Masquerading as Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (MTPD) is an inherited disorder...
A Foot Forward for Optimum Health
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Industry News & Updates
Researchers Discover Tendon Disease Trigger
A team of researchers led by Jess Snedeker, PhD, a professor of orthopedic...
CMS Updates Prior Authorization Codes for Lower-Limb Orthoses
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) recently published...
Researchers Using Continuous-Fiber 3D Printing to Produce Pediatric Prostheses
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, researcher Quentin Sanders is part...
Trulife Receives 2025 Hanger Partner Award for Operational Performance
Trulife has been awarded the 2025 Hanger Partner Award for Operational...
Additive Manufacturing Is Here to Stay
By reducing weight, lead times, and costs, 3-D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) offers...
Post-Processing Tech Personalizes to Each User’s Needs
While 3D printing has dramatically accelerated the customization process for manufacturing...
Manitoba P&O Users Endorse Certified Care…Want More
A recent survey found that experienced orthotic and prosthetic (O&P) device users with a...
Pseudo-Prosthesis Appears Accurate As Teaching Tool
Prosthetic device users have a wide range of needs and prosthetists need to be aware of varying...
The Importance of Interface Materials
A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
Featured Products
Lower Extremity Review
Knee Resurfacing System
The OvertureTi Knee Resurfacing System is composed of femoral and tibial implants intended to be used in the partial replacement of the articular surfaces of the knee. These implants were designed with sizing options that allow the surgeon to replace only the diseased...
Truncal Pneumatic Compression Garment
AIROS® Medical recently launched expanded sizing for its truncal garments. These larger garment models grant more patients living with lymphedema-related abdominal and pelvic swelling access to pneumatic compression device-driven compression therapy that reduces edema...
Performance Socks
Balega performance running socks for runners, athletes, and other consumers living active lives, are available in several styles, sock heights, and designs that offer different levels of cushioning and compression to create a uniquely comfortable performance sock....
Lightweight Poured Polyurethane Insoles
DREAMCELL® VELO is an ultra-lightweight, poured polyurethane (PU) insole technology engineered to give athletes a powerful edge in speed, agility, and explosive energy return. The product outperforms traditional poured PU insoles with its ultra-lightweight and low...
Hiking Boots with Upgraded Technology
The Armadillo 3 is a complete upgrade to one of NORTIV 8’s most iconic hikers. Powered by SGS-certified Waterproof-Pro technology, it withstands more than 15,000 dynamic test cycles without seepage, crushing the static standards of its predecessor. A newly engineered...
Achilles Repair System
Medline UNITE Foot & Ankle’s new FORCECORD™ Midsubstance Achilles Repair System is constructed from a densely woven, tubular, synthetic, non-resorbable polyester. The implant features flat tapered ends and uses a specially designed probe for ease of passing. When...
Premium Insoles for Everyday Use and High-Performance Activities
Northwest Podiatric Laboratory, a manufacturer of custom orthotics since 1964, has introduced StepCraft® premium insoles–a culmination of 6 decades of biomechanical expertise. The insoles are said to transform movement with unmatched support, stability, and...
Microprocessor-Controlled Knee Joint for KAFOs
The NEURO HiTRONIC system knee joint is suitable for custom-made knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) with microprocessor-controlled swing phase and stance phase control. Patented microhydraulics make the joint small and light. The slim, anatomically shaped controller...
AI-Powered Patient-Matched Lapidus System
The VIRTUGUIDE™ System is an artificial intelligence (AI)–powered, patient-matched solution designed to support Lapidus procedures, which help realign the foot by joining the first metatarsal bone and the medial cuneiform. The system uses pre-operative planning...


























