LER Cover Story:
lerEXPO Highlights: Fibular Nails–Fad or New Standard?
This article synthesizes the key findings, surgical techniques, and clinical insights from a lerEXPO’s 2025 Gait Keepers Journal Club regarding the use of intramedullary fibular nails for distal fibula fractures. The primary focus is on a retrospective multi-center study published in the Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery (JFAS) in 2023, which represents the largest cohort of its kind to date.
By Brian Burgess, DPM with Brad Abicht, DPM, FACFAS and Jeff Dikis, DPM
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Feature Articles
Hemophilia: Guidance on Socks and Footwear
For someone with hemophilia, foot blisters can be a significant concern because their blood clotting disorder makes it difficult for even small injuries to stop bleeding, potentially leading to larger, more painful blood blisters on the feet. Foot blisters of the skin can be caused by friction from poorly fitting socks and shoes and be compounded with excessive activity.
By Teresa Alpert
Sensory Input is Needed for Motor Output–The Foot of the Matter
The somatosensory system is responsible for processing information from the skin and the musculoskeletal system to determine body position and movement. Particularly for the lower extremity when impaired by stroke, somatosensory loss is detrimental to walking which is considered as the highest level of function to be achieved post-stroke.1-4 Somatosensory information is associated with vertical perception and the subsequent ability to balance oneself and therefore…
By Dr. Jennifaye V. Brown
Transforming Sneaker Performance
Modern athletic shoes, with their increased stack heights and very soft midsoles, tend to collapse quickly. Compounding the problem, true shoes designed specifically for pronators, extreme pronators, supinators, or extreme supinators are essentially no longer available on the market. As a result, many patients lack adequate frontal-plane control from footwear alone.
By Jeffrey S. Rich
Emerging Developments in AFOs: What Podiatrists Need to Know About Carbon Composite AFOs Part II
Advances in ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are revolutionizing how podiatrists, physical therapists and O&P clinicians support lower-limb mobility and rehabilitation. In this 3-part series, we explore the latest evidence, cutting-edge materials, and innovative design strategies that are shaping the future of AFOs. This short series offers a look at how today’s breakthroughs are improving function, comfort and compliancy in the lower extremity world.
By Keith Loria
Innovative Sock Technology for the Prevention and Management of Decubitus Ulcers
Decubitus ulcers can be a persistent and serious challenge, particularly in patients with diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, neuropathy, stroke, and other conditions that impair circulation and sensation. These ulcers can result in prolonged healing times, infection, reduced quality of life and amputation. Effective prevention and management strategies require interventions that…
Emerging Developments in AFOs: What Podiatrists Need to Know About Carbon Composite AFOs
Advances in ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are revolutionizing how podiatrists, physical therapists and O&P clinicians support lower-limb mobility and rehabilitation. In this 3-part series, we explore the latest evidence, cutting-edge materials, and innovative design strategies that are shaping the future of AFOs. This short series offers a look at how today’s breakthroughs are…
By Keith Loria
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ShortTakes From the Literature
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Hospitalizations and Amputations for People with DFU
Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) are a serious complication of diabetes and often...
Assessment of Peroneal Muscles Using Ultrasound in CAI
Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) result in chronic ankle instability (CAI), causing...
The Effect of Foot Orthotics on Dynamic Stability in Females with Pes Planus Foot Posture
Foot orthotics, a device which can modify the mechanical interaction between...
Effect of Foot Orthoses on Persons with Posterior Tibialis Tendon Dysfunction Stair Climbing
Posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder...
Electrical Stimulation: Novel Therapy for Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes;...
The Neuromechanics of the Soleus for Fall Prevention in Aging
Falls are a leading cause of injury-related hospitalization, morbidity, and...
Percutaneous Electrolysis for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Rehab
Percutaneous electrolysis (PE) is a minimally invasive procedure that utilizes...
Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Deficiency Masquerading as Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (MTPD) is an inherited disorder...
A Foot Forward for Optimum Health
Sensory Input is Needed for Motor Output–The Foot of the Matter
The somatosensory system is responsible for processing information from the skin and the musculoskeletal system to determine body position and movement. Particularly for the lower extremity when impaired by stroke, somatosensory loss is detrimental to walking which is considered as the highest level of function to be achieved post-stroke.1-4 Somatosensory information is associated with vertical perception and the subsequent ability to balance oneself and therefore…
By Dr. Jennifaye V. Brown
Industry News & Updates
Smart Hydrogel Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing
Researchers have engineered a smart hydrogel dressing that replicates the...
Study Sheds Light on Why Tendons Are Prone to Injury
Scientists at the University of Portsmouth, England, have created the first...
ADA Releases “Standards of Care in Diabetes–2026
The American Diabetes Association® (ADA) recently released the “Standards of...
Possible Therapeutic Approach to Treat Diabetic Neuropathy Discovered
A research team led by Professor Dr. Dietmar Fischer, professor of...
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2024 AJRR Report On Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Released
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Registry Program released the American Joint...
Prior Authorization Does Not Reduce THA Costs, Delays Patient Care
Prior authorization (PA) has been implemented by payors in an effort to reduce unnecessary...
Stop GLP-1 Agonists 14 Days Before TJA to Reduce Anesthesia Risks
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1A) have advanced the treatment of type 2 diabetes...
THA/TKA Improves Spouses Quality of Life Too!
Hip and knee arthritis is debilitating for patients but the decreased activity level and...
Header Restriction Policy in Youth Soccer Shows Promising Impact on Concussion Rates
Soccer is one of the most popular youth sports in the United States and worldwide. Due to growing...
A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
Featured Products
Lower Extremity Review
Running Sneakers Engineered for Shorter, Everyday Distances
ALLSWIFIT’s Active5K is a streamlined running shoe purpose-engineered for shorter, everyday distances. At the core is an advanced midsole system that delivers a measured balance of softness and responsiveness, producing a 67% high-rebound energy return that absorbs...
Compression Therapy System for PAD
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration 510(k)-cleared ARTAIRA® Arterial Compression Device is a non-invasive intermittent pneumatic compression device that increases blood flow and circulation to the lower limbs to treat patients with some symptoms of peripheral...
Fixation Device for ACL Reconstruction
The QuadLock™ is a new knotless, bidirectional tension-adjustable fixation system for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It is designed to securely fixate sutures and tapes, helping surgeons fine-tune graft tension and maintain stability across several...
Targeted Protection from Friction
ShearBan is a patented, low-friction, self-adhesive material that neutralizes friction and shear forces that contribute to the formation of diabetic foot ulcers, blisters, hot spots, and calluses. Conventional treatments commonly involve applying temporary solutions...
Interim Orthosis Following Partial Foot Amputation
DARCO’s Body Armor® PFA Walker is designed for healing following partial foot amputation. Specifically engineered for post-surgical healing after partial foot amputation, this interim orthosis offers reliable protection, stability, and comfort throughout the recovery...
Magnesium Cream with Lavender for Sore Muscles
KT Health Soothe Magnesium Cream harnesses the power of lavender and magnesium to provide holistic wellness and multipurpose pain management for active individuals and athletes. It delivers soothing pain relief for sore muscles with the added benefit of Arnica...
Leg Sleeve for Supporting Mobility
The Neural Sleeve 2, an advanced non-invasive technology for supporting mobility, facilitates muscle re-education to help rewire walking for people living with neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, stroke, and other...
Redesigned Technical Running Socks
The redesigned Balega UltraGlide with LYCRA® Dry sock is constructed with a combination of the brand’s signature moisture-wicking Drynamix yarn and LYCRA Dry fibers to deliver a technically advanced sock for runners. Drynamix is a high-performance fiber with...
Nutrition Book Helps Patients Recover Faster from Surgery, Injury
HEAL: Your Recovery Blueprint with 100+ Healing Recipes for Injury & Surgery is a nutritional guide written by oculoplastic surgeon Kami Parsa, MD, that provides patients with a clear, science-based plan for faster, stronger recovery. Dr. Parsa’s experience after...
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