LER Cover Story:
Wound Talk with Dr. Windy Cole: Giving Lymphedema the Squeeze: All Things Compression
In traditional medicine, we often treat the vascular, integumentary, and lymphatic systems as separate silos. However, the “Veil Theory,” championed by Dr. Heather Hettrick, reveals that these systems are inextricably linked. At the center of this connection is the endothelial glycocalyx, a microscopic, sieve-like layer within our blood vessels that regulates the movement of fluid and proteins.
By Dr. Windy Cole, DPM, CWSP, FACCWS, FFPM RCPS (Glasg) with Dr. Loan Lam DPM, FAWPHc, FAPWCA, CWSP, CHWS, CLWT and guest Cam Ayala
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Feature Articles
CAGA 101: The 12 Dirty Truths of Foot Mechanics
We all know we will not live forever, but perhaps a good goal would be to not outlive your health. We also know that there are elements of our health we can control and those we can’t. Aging is a simple fact, though we often don’t consider it at the functional microscopic level. We can’t do much about the ending, but we have much to say and…
By Jay Segel, DPM; Sally Crawford, MS
3D Scanning vs. Plaster Casting–Evolving Techniques in Orthotic Capture
Over the last few decades, clinicians have debated the merits of traditional plaster casting versus modern 3D scanning in orthotic capture. Amid continuing discourse, 1 principle holds: the clinician’s grasp of anatomical data and its impact on device design is critical to success. Equally as vital is the orthotic lab’s role in translating clinical intent into design.
By Dr. Dean Hartley (Podiatrist & Adjunct Engineering Fellow–University of Queensland)
Melted Boundaries: Regenerative Orthobiologics in Lower Extremity Medicine–The Rise of Orthokine® (Autologous Conditioned Serum) and Enhanced PRP Therapy for Joint Pain
Orthokine® is the proprietary name for a German-developed autologous conditioned serum (ACS) therapy now advanced in musculoskeletal medicine for joint pain. In scientific literature and clinical contexts, Orthokine is used interchangeably with the generic designation autologous conditioned serum (ACS), with…
By Dr. Hooman Mir, DPM, MSci, FAPWCA
UTRGV, School of Podiatric Medicine
Department of Podiatric Medicine, Surgery & Biomechanics
CAGA 101: The 12 Dirty Truths of Foot Mechanics
Each one of these so-called “Dirty Truths” has its specific reason, or reasons, for making the list. This one gets most of its “dirtiness” educationally and clinically. Many patients are familiar with the term “pronation,” though their understanding may vary. A clear explanation of body planes and planes of motion is important for an accurate understanding of this concept.
By Jay Segel, DPM; Sally Crawford, MS
lerEXPO Highlights: AFO Coding Compliance and Documentation Best Practices
Ankle-Foot Orthoses (AFOs) play an essential role in the management of various lower extremity conditions. Coding and compliance accuracy and proper documentation can pose a challenge. Providers must accurately explain why the specific AFO is needed. This is not just a box-ticking exercise but a fundamental element to avoid audit failures.
Leading the Shift: How We Made 3D Printed Polypropylene a Reality
I am regularly asked, “Why 3D printed?” There are obvious environmental and manufacturing benefits, although speaking from my clinical perspective–it is the design freedom that is most important. The ability to have an unrestricted design envelope, being able to design and manufacture devices lighter, thinner, fully-custom and quicker are just a few of the benefits.
By Dean Hartley (Podiatrist & Adjunct Engineering Fellow–University of Queensland)
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ShortTakes From the Literature
Exergame Program Improves Gait in People with Parkinson’s Disease
Gait impairments are among the most common and disabling symptoms of...
Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for Plantar Fascia
The plantar fascia is composed of fibrous connective tissue that forms a band...
Ozone Successful Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers and Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) and diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are chronic wounds...
Achilles Tendon Stiffness and Jumping: Comparative Study of Soccer and Basketball Athletes
Tendon properties influence athletic performance, and Achilles tendon (AT)...
Plantar Pressure in Recreational Athletes Running in Maximal and Traditional Shoes
Running is a popular competitive and recreational activity with numerous...
Is Local Steroid Injection Predictive of Patient Response to Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release
Plantar fasciitis is a very common issue with many treatment options. The...
Indoor VS. Regular Custom-Made Footwear for Diabetics at High Risk Of Foot Ulceration
Custom-made footwear designed specifically for indoor use increases footwear...
Partial Nail Avulsion With or Without Phenolization for Ingrown Toenails
Ingrown toenails, a common and often painful condition, frequently require...
A Foot Forward for Optimum Health
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Industry News & Updates
Researchers Using Continuous-Fiber 3D Printing to Produce Pediatric Prostheses
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, researcher Quentin Sanders is part...
Trulife Receives 2025 Hanger Partner Award for Operational Performance
Trulife has been awarded the 2025 Hanger Partner Award for Operational...
Noninvasive Spinal Stimulation Enables Patients with Paraplegia to Regain Stepping Control
Spinal cord injury (SCI) rostral to the lumbar locomotor center disrupts...
Plant Compound Found to Treat Diabetic Wounds, Foot Ulcers
Researchers at the Nagaland University in India have identified a naturally...
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Syndesmosis Ankle Sprain in a 21-Year-Old Division 1 Collegiate Football Player
Background: Syndesmotic injuries make up 12% of all ankle sprains, but 25% of ankle sprains in...
Syndesmosis Sprain in a 19-Year-Old Division 1 Collegiate Football Player
Background: Syndesmosis ankle sprains account for 25% of all ankle sprains in National Collegiate...
Neurocognitive Hop Performance and Chronic Ankle Instability
This study aimed to compare the relationship between self-reported ankle disability and...
Injury & Treatment Characteristics in Middle School Athletes
These researchers analyzed injury and treatment patterns among middle school-aged athletes...
Contributing Factors to Persistent Pain After LAS
This study investigated factors that may contribute to the development of persistent pain 6 months...
A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
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Lower Extremity Review
Rapid Relief Rx Balm Relieves with Hemp CBD
Xtreme Rapid Relief Rx Balm is a concentrated topical formula created for targeted application in clinical and active recovery settings. With 1,000 mg of hemp-derived cannabidiol (hemp CBD) and a trusted blend of ingredients including arnica, turmeric oil, bromelain,...
Mushroom-Based Roll-On for Muscle Relief
Xtreme Roll-On, part of the Xtreme Wellness product line, mixes a blend of reishi mushroom peptides with its proprietary BioHeat Matrix to help improve circulation to calm inflammation, and accelerate localized muscle relief in smaller/harder-to-reach areas. The...
Virtual Reality Gait-Training Platform
GaitBetter is a state-of-the-art motor-cognitive virtual reality (VR) intervention for gait rehabilitation and fall prevention. It uses gamification and semi-immersive VR to simulate motor-cognitive challenges that patients experience in everyday life. Clinically...
Lightweight, High-Rebound Insoles
OrthoLite® has expanded its range of insoles with the introduction of OrthoLite® Float. This product combines exceptional lightness with high-rebound support, adding comfort and high energy underfoot across all categories of footwear. With a resilience of >38%,...
Circular Frame Hinges for Knee, Ankle Applications
Orthofix Medical’s TrueLok™ Phantom and Tornado Hinges, from the company’s Orthopedics TrueLok circular frame portfolio, are designed for use with TrueLok circular frame offerings, including the TrueLok EVO Ring Fixation System. The TrueLok EVO System is a circular...
Smart Boots for DFU Treatment
The Foot Defender+ powered by Sensoria is designed to help heal diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and reduce the risk of amputations for extended quality of life. The solution combines the Foot Defender Smart Boot with Sensoria Core microelectronics and the Sensoria Patient...
Orthosis for Treatment of Shin Splints
Invented by former elite athletes turned medical doctor, biomedical engineer, and product designer, the Solushin® orthosis is designed to treat medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints). Designed to be worn before or after running, for 30 minutes to 2 hours, it...
Minimally Invasive Bunion Fixation System
Stryker’s PROstep MIS Lapidus fixation system is designed to treat bunions using a minimally invasive surgical reduction, while providing faster recovery. It uses the hallux valgus deformity and subsequent fusion of the first metatarsal cuneiform joint. The technology...
Hyaluronic Acid and Alginate Device for Tendon Repairs
VersaWrap® is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration–cleared medical device implant (not tissue), comprising hyaluronic acid (HA) and alginate, that provides a gelatinous encasement for peripheral nerves, tendons, and surrounding tissues such as ligaments and skeletal...
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