LER Cover Story:
lerEXPO Highlights: Fibular Nails–Fad or New Standard?
This article synthesizes the key findings, surgical techniques, and clinical insights from a lerEXPO’s 2025 Gait Keepers Journal Club regarding the use of intramedullary fibular nails for distal fibula fractures. The primary focus is on a retrospective multi-center study published in the Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery (JFAS) in 2023, which represents the largest cohort of its kind to date.
By Brian Burgess, DPM with Brad Abicht, DPM, FACFAS and Jeff Dikis, DPM
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Feature Articles
Balance and Strength Exercises Can Help Reduce Falls in Older Adults
Fall prevention is of importance for maintaining independency of daily living, well-being, and quality of life in older adults and given demographic trends, an urgent economic challenge for the healthcare system. Falls are a serious health concern and a major cause of…
By Tim Wiedenmann, Steffen Held, Ludwig Rappelt, Martin Grauduszus, Sofie Spickermann, and Lars Donath
A Step Short: Why We Need More Research on Prefabricated Carbon Composite Ankle-Foot-Orthoses
Many patients with gait abnormalities utilize lower limb orthoses to provide support, correction, and enhance function of the lower extremity. A variety of design options from joint level(s) to material selection are available and must be…
By Lindi Mitsou, MSPO, CPO; Nicholas Carr, BS; Jordan Dunn, BS; Jayne Kernodle, BS; Yelizaveta Kozlov, BS; Jillian Picard-Busky, ATC, LAT; Abigail Riley, BS; and Alex Wright, BS, NREMT
Young Children’s Footwear: Taxonomy
Footwear is a global business, with small and large companies co-existing, often purporting design differences or mechanical properties as their ‘edge’ within a competitive market. There is little consistency between commercial grade footwear brands for…
By Cylie M. Williams, Stewart C. Morrison, Kade Paterson, Katherine Gobbi, Sam Burton, Matthew Hill, Emma Harber, and Helen Banwell
Book Excerpt: Treating Injury Involves Gathering the History + Patient’s Perspective
There are so many types of injuries, but we have to start putting together a good picture of what happened and can it be prevented in the future. You can actually have a positive impact on all the different types of injuries, at least in the rehabilitation, by knowing the most you can.
By Richard Blake, DPM
Tackling Hypermobility and a Lack of Core Strength To Reduce Youth Sports Injuries
Growing up playing sports, I would hear coaches call some kids “injury prone.” Now that I have my doctorate in physical therapy and work as a youth sports physical therapist, I have a different perspective on what it means to be “injury prone.” It is not just a coincidence, nor are the forces of the universe conspiring to end a child’s potential…
By Jay Blumberg, PT, DPT
Pediatric Cutaneous Warts and Verrucae: An Update
Plantar warts have plagued humans for thousands of years, but newer therapies, including immunotherapy and microwave treatments, offer promise in improving therapeutic outcomes for these frustrating challenges. Warts and verrucae are benign growths occurring in the skin and mucous membranes due to infection with various strains of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
By Ivan Bristow, PhD, FFPM, RCPS (Glasg)
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Lower Extremity Review
ShortTakes From the Literature
Ultrasound Imaging of the Quadriceps Femoris in KOA
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common disease in elderly adults. While...
Changes in Foot Biomechanics during Pregnancy
…The current review sought to analyze the evidence for changes in foot...
Burden of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Diabetic foot is a common complication of diabetes that affects quality and...
Aging Baby Boomers & Ankle Fractures
Ankle fractures are common among healthy adults, but even moreso among elderly...
Understanding the Benefits and Limitations of Orthotic Use in CMT and CP
Noting a lack of evidence-based guidance on mobility challenges in individuals...
LinkedIn Post of the Month
Assessing lower limb perfusion in diabetic foot ulcer: AWPI vs ABPI
The presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with diabetic foot...
The Impact of Eccentric Preload on Muscle Performance
Source: Goecking T, Holzer D, Hahn D, Siebert T, Seiberl W. Unlocking the...
A Foot Forward for Optimum Health
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Industry News & Updates
Smart Bandage Can Detect How a Wound is Healing
Researchers at Stanford University report that they have developed a wireless...
Dancing Molecules Heal Cartilage Damage
In November 2021, Northwestern University researchers introduced an injectable...
Bio Leg Named 2025 Best of Innovation by CES Innovation Awards
BionicM, Tokyo, Japan, announced that its powered prosthetic knee, Bio Leg®,...
New Biomaterial Promotes Cartilage Growth
Northwestern University scientists have developed a new bioactive material...
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Identifying CAI Through Specific Movement Patterns
Looking to identify specific movement strategies and describe lower extremity stiffness of the...
ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSES: Efforts to optimize outcomes focus on stiffness, alignment
By Jordana Bieze Foster Given the heterogeneity of many patient populations for whom ankle foot...
NONMECHANICAL EFFECTS: Sleeves showcase softer side of knee pain management
By Jordana Bieze Foster Less may be more when it comes to knee bracing in some patients with knee...
DIABETIC FOOTWEAR: Scientific approach to insole design helps reduce pressure
By Jordana Bieze Foster A scientific approach to insole design can help reduce plantar pressures...
OSTEOARTHRITIS: Studies explore mechanisms for distal knee OA therapies
By Jordana Bieze Foster Studies presented in May at the 2017 ISPO World Congress in Cape Town,...
A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
Featured Products
Lower Extremity Review
Antifungal Nail Enamel
Loceryl® Enamel is an antifungal therapeutic enamel. The medication can be used as sole therapy in initial cases of nail mycosis or cases associated with a systemic antifungal, also acting as an adjuvant therapy. Loceryl Enamel contains amorolfine, an antifungal...
Personalized Trail Running Shoes
GS:PGH is a limited-edition highly cushioned, customizable shoe designed for maximum performance for trail running. This is a durable, high stacked, maximally cushioned shoe built for longer distance training days and races. It features the PerformFitTM Wrap activated...
Laser and Shockwave Therapy Systems
Smart Physiotherapy Systems utilize cutting-edge technology to solve pain, inflammation, wound healing, and soft tissue repair. These artificial intelligence–integrated systems offer a 1-stop solution for pain patients from home to professional markets. Smart/Smart...
Knee Pain Relief Therapy
MotiveTM Knee is a Food & Drug Administration (FDA)–cleared non-invasive muscle stimulation device for knee pain, and it is now available without a prescription. This clinically proven device relieves knee pain and enhances mobility by strengthening the quadriceps...
New Porous Iteration of Anatomic Keeled Tibia
The Persona® OsseoTi® Keel Tibia for cementless knee replacement is the latest addition to the clinically proven Persona Knee System by Zimmer Biomet. This product features a new porous version of the Persona anatomic tibia with the company’s OsseoTi Porous Metal...
Cordless Self-pedaling Cycling Machine
PhysioPedal is a cordless, light weight, and portable self-pedaling cycling machine. Designed to support Assisted Cycle Therapy, the PhysioPedal helps the elderly, the injured, and those with limited voluntary movement improve their health outcomes and overall...
Foot Ice Wrap
Cool Relief has expanded its product range to include the Soft Gel Foot Ice Wrap for the treatment of pain, muscle inflammation, and swelling. The company’s proprietary gel pack design with Inner Ice Technology is engineered to stay colder for longer while still...
Fiberglass Unibody Prosthetic Foot
Building on the success of META® Shock X, WillowWood has launched the Fiberglass META® Shock X. META feet combine responsive energy return with balance, stability, and impact protection, and feature the industry’s first unibody platform, free of hardware for a minimal...
Ligament Reinforcement
Artelon’s US Food & Drug Administration 510(k)–cleared FlexBand®, FlexPatch®, and FlexBand Plus® are designed for ligament repair surgery in addition to tendon repairs, with new clearance that has expanded the indications for these products to now include...
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