LER Cover Story:
Snake Bites to the Lower Extremity Reported to U.S. Emergency Departments
Background: Thousands of snake bites occur in the U.S. each year. Venomous snake bites can produce serious adverse effects, and even bites from nonvenomous snakes may cause adverse effects. Snake bites are often treated at hospital emergency departments (EDs). The objective of this study was to describe snake bites to the lower extremity treated at US hospital EDs.
By Mathias B. Forrester, BS
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Feature Articles
Practical Biomechanical Exam: Information That Actually Drives Better Conservative and Surgical Treatment
The non-weight-bearing examination is the foundation of a comprehensive biomechanical assessment. It allows the clinician to evaluate intrinsic structure, available joint range of motion, and inherent pathomechanics without the confounding influence of body weight and compensation. Isolating individual joints and segments in an unloaded state is critical for identifying pathology, determining…
By Patrick DeHeer, DPM FACFAS, FFPM RCPS (Glasg)
lerEXPO Highlights: Posting Principles | Rearfoot Mods that Actually Matter
Orthotic prescription involves a nuanced understanding of various modifications designed to influence lower extremity biomechanics, particularly focusing on the rear foot, midfoot, and forefoot. For lower extremity clinicians, mastering these options allows for tailored patient solutions, enhancing stability, addressing discrepancies, and improving overall function.
By Karen A. Langone DPM
lerEXPO Highlights: Avascular Necrosis After Talar Fracture ORIF in Podiatric Practice
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus presents one of the most complex and challenging problems in foot and ankle surgery, particularly in the aftermath of talar fractures. As podiatric specialists, understanding its nuances–from its unique anatomical predisposition to the evolving landscape of its management–is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.
By Christy M. King DPM, FACFAS
Which Return-to-Sport Criteria Effectively Predict Reinjury Risk?
Returning to a sport after an injury involves healing tissue while restoring strength, stability and confidence. Athletes face the challenge of balancing physical recovery with mental readiness, and their decisions carry significant implications for long-term health and the risk of reinjury. Understanding which criteria best predict successful outcomes helps clinicians support athletes effectively.
By Jack Shaw
Pain Has an Address: Why Foot and Ankle Pain Is an Anatomical Story
Pain in the foot and ankle is rarely a riddle. Patients may not know the name of a tendon, ligament, or nerve, but they almost always know where it hurts. They point with 1 finger, not their whole hand. They tell you whether it burns, stabs, aches, feels electric, or stiffens after rest.
By Dr. Hooman Mir, DPM, MSci, FAPWCA
Sports Medicine: Combating the Explosion of Type 2 Diabetes with Exercise, Diet and Mental Contentment
According to Robert Weil, DPM, a sports podiatrist and expert in injury-free exercise, we should be advocating for a holistic approach to tackling the rise of type 2 diabetes. Often called “Dr. Bob” by his followers, he points out that a common contributor to this health crisis is a sedentary lifestyle, which Dr. Bob addresses through his long-standing work with athletes and the general public. The “new medicine,” as seen through his lens, moves beyond simple prescription and…
By Dr. Robert Weil, DPM and Lawrence Rubin, DPM
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ShortTakes From the Literature
Treatment-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy: A Case Report on a Young T1 Patient
Treatment-induced diabetic neuropathy (TIND), also known as insulin neuritis,...
One Versus 2 Screw Fixation in MIS for Hallux Valgus
Radiographs demonstrating single-screw (left) and dual-screw (right) fixation...
Volleyball-Associated Lower Extremity Injuries Among Adult Athletes
The mean age of volleyball athletes has increased over the past decade,...
Knee Crepitus and Osteoarthritis in Young Adults Following Traumatic Knee Injury
Knee crepitus, the audible crackling or grinding noise during knee joint...
Muscle Strengthening Exercises for Foot and Ankle
Foot and ankle muscle strengthening exercises are common interventions for...
Review of Nonpharmacological Interventions for Basic Skills in Older Adults
This study aims to synthesize existing evidence on the effectiveness of...
Predicting Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy with Plantar Pressure Analysis (Machine Learning)
Diabetic foot Ulceration (DFU) is a severe complication of diabetic foot...
How Do US Navy Service Members’ Physical Tests Change After Achilles Tendon Repair?
Achilles tendon ruptures are common injuries among adults that can cause...
A Foot Forward for Optimum Health
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Industry News & Updates
ADA Releases “Standards of Care in Diabetes–2026
The American Diabetes Association® (ADA) recently released the “Standards of...
Possible Therapeutic Approach to Treat Diabetic Neuropathy Discovered
A research team led by Professor Dr. Dietmar Fischer, professor of...
FAU Researchers Make Strides in Gait Analysis Technology
A study from the College of Engineering and Computer Science and the Sensing...
Fulgent Genetics to Acquire Bako Diagnostics and StrataDx
Fulgent Genetics Inc., El Monte, California, a technology-based company with a...
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Robotic Assistance in Cementless TKA Does Not Improve 2-Yr Revision Rates
As the use of robotic assistance in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has grown, there has been...
AI Chatbots Provide Inconsistent Accuracy for Musculoskeletal Health Information
Researchers agree: Orthopaedic surgeons remain the most reliable source of information All...
Younger Age of Primary ACL Injury, Decreased Time to Return to Sport Significantly Increases Risk of Secondary ACL Injury in Adolescent Athletes
In adolescent athletes who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), the younger...
Understanding Who We Are Helping
Chronic conditions such as diabetes and peripheral vascular disease were the leading cause of...
Amputee Football Brings Soccer to Every Body
The US Amputee Football Federation (USAFF) provides participants with an environment and...
A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
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Lower Extremity Review
Outdoor Exoskeleton for Adventure and Performance
The Hypershell X Ultra exoskeleton, powered by the advanced AI MotionEngine Ultra, adapts to a user’s stride by sensing subtle shifts in motion and tailoring support accordingly. It features over 12 integrated sensors that continuously adapt to users’ movements in...
SQAIRZ Pickleball Becomes the First Shoe Approved by Medicare
The XRZ™ Pickleball Shoe by SQAIRZ is the first pickleball ball shoe to have been approved by Medicare for reimbursement, recognizing its design as performance-enhancing and proven to improve balance and reduce fall risk. SQAIRZ footwear is built around a patented...
Leg Sleeve for Supporting Mobility
The Neural Sleeve 2, an advanced non-invasive technology for supporting mobility, facilitates muscle re-education to help rewire walking for people living with neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, stroke, and other...
Mismatch Shoe Sizing Program
New Balance has officially launched a mismatch sizing program for the Made in USA Fresh Foam 1540v4, allowing customers to purchase 2 different shoe sizes (left and right), or even a single shoe–ideal for individuals with disabilities, limb loss, or foot size...
Diabetic Socks with Infrared Technology
Circufiber® socks are designed for people at risk of or living with diabetes. The company’s padding technology has been clinically shown to reduce pain, blisters, moisture, and pressures. Circufiber socks feature patent-pending Circulight® infrared (IR) technology to...
Athletic Ankle Brace
The Push Kicx Ankle Brace offers superior support for previously injured ankles and is ideal for sports such as soccer, basketball, and volleyball. The athletic ankle brace can also help reduce the risk of sprains in high-intensity activities. Its patented “Prophy-X”...
Resorbable Synthetic Wedges for Osteotomy Procedures
The Bioactive Pre-contoured Wedge (BPW) is the first fully synthetic, porous bioactive glass solution to come to market and is, specifically, designed with osteostimulation in mind. BPW is the first non-metal wedge that is classified as a device, prioritizing patient...
Next-Gen Carbon Fiber Insoles
AURORRA By ARRIS™ AXA Super Insoles are powered by ARRIS® Composites’ breakthrough carbon-fiber technology. The synergy of springy Pebax® foam and a precision-engineered plate delivers all-day performance and fatigue-fighting benefits once reserved for premium...
Xtreme Rapid Relief: Hemp CBD for Achy Joints
Xtreme Brands Rapid Relief, available as a balm, a spray, and gummies, is designed to target areas where tension tends to build–feet, legs, shoulders, lower back. The balm contains 650 mg of hemp-derived cannabidiol (non-intoxicating CBD) plus a proprietary blend of...
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