LER Cover Story:
Snake Bites to the Lower Extremity Reported to U.S. Emergency Departments
Background: Thousands of snake bites occur in the U.S. each year. Venomous snake bites can produce serious adverse effects, and even bites from nonvenomous snakes may cause adverse effects. Snake bites are often treated at hospital emergency departments (EDs). The objective of this study was to describe snake bites to the lower extremity treated at US hospital EDs.
By Mathias B. Forrester, BS
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Feature Articles
How foot and ankle injury trends reflect today’s NFL
Professional football players are enduring higher levels of force than ever, and foot and ankle injury rates are increasing as a result. Advances in surgery and rehabilitation have helped get players back on the field more quickly, but injury prevention remains a significant challenge.
By Will Carroll
Adjacent-joint arthritis after ankle arthrodesis
Altered biomechanics after ankle arthrodesis often increase stress on the adjacent joints in the foot, which can cause or exacerbate osteoarthritic degeneration in those joints. Clinicians and researchers are working to better understand this process and how to minimize patients’ risk.
By Cary Groner
Psychological aspects of ACL rehabilitation
The ability to identify and treat patients at risk for mental health issues after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury may help improve psychological readiness for reconstructive surgery, attitudes toward postoperative rehabilitation, and successful surgical and rehabilitation outcomes.
By John Reaume, MD, MHSA; Dana Reaume, PsyD; and Melissa A. Christino, MD
Management of athletes with excessive pronation
Pronation is a triplanar movement and is the combination of rearfoot eversion, midfoot abduction, and talocrural dorsiflexion.1 Pronation in normal gait allows flexible, adaptive changes to varying types of terrain; it dissipates ground reaction forces; and encourages lower extremity internal rotation.
By Frank Layman, PT, DPT, EdD, MT; and April Wilson, PTA, BS, CI, CKTP, IASTM
Role of bariatric surgery in patients with knee OA
Weight loss following bariatric surgery can have biomechanical and symptomatic benefits for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). But it’s less certain whether that weight loss can also reduce the risk of obesity-related complications following total knee arthroplasty.
By Shalmali Pal
Crossover consequences of unilateral treatments
The mechanisms underlying the so-called crossover effect—when a unilateral intervention results in bilateral changes—are still unclear, but clinical applications related to lower extremity strengthening, fatigue, and stretching are already being explored by rehabilitation specialists.
By Cary Groner
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Industry News & Updates
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A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
Featured Products
Lower Extremity Review
36″ x 4″ Pro-Roller Foam Rollers
OPTP has added a new 4" diameter foam roller to its elite Pro-Roller line, available in standard and soft densities. The 36" x 4" roller is closer to the ground than the regular 36" x 6" diameter roller, for a safer, more stable feeling. They are well suited for the...
Supportive Shock-Absorbing Orthotics
Cadence Insoles introduces a new model to its line of exclusive, retail-only, over-the-counter orthotics. The EX MP provides semi-rigid support, durable high-rebound/low-compression set polyurethane foam, and an antimicrobial, low-friction CoolMax top cover with a...
Posted CP-3300 Orthotic Shell
KLM Laboratories continues to help practitioners meet the ever-changing needs of each patient. The Posted CP-3300 orthotic shell is the newest addition to the KLM prefabricated product family. This semi-flexible polypropylene shell has a 2-degree inverted rear foot...
Ottobock C-Brace Lower-Limb Orthosis
The new C-Brace by Ottobock HealthCare uses the world’s first mechatronic stance and swing phase control orthosis (SSCO) system, introduced with the original C-Brace, to control stance and swing phase with microprocessor sensor technology. Building upon the features...
Waldlaufer Extra-Wide Women’s Lace-up
German comfort footwear company Waldlaufer introduces the stylish new Kagan lace-up, a therapeutic shoe without the therapeutic look, designed to accommodate the footwear needs of women with extra-wide feet, bunions, and hammertoes. Like every Waldlaufer shoe, the...
X-Large Therafirm Ease Compression Hosiery
Therafim’s Ease line of compression hosiery debuted in 2014, growing in popularity and expanding ever since. Now, Therafirm has expanded the line with the introduction of X-Large sizes. Compression knee highs are sized by ankle and calf circumferences. With new sizing...
Foot Orientation Apparatus for 3D Foot Scanning
New from PAL Heath Technologies is the Foot Orientation Apparatus (patent pending, serial number 62/739,962) to be used with PAL’s Xtremity 3D foot scanner. The lightweight and portable apparatus was developed to obtain subtalar neutral positioning of the foot,...
JumpStart® Softback™ provides comfortable control of excess plantarflexion
Cascade Dafo, a manufacturer of pediatric lower-extremity braces and creator of the original DAFO® (Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthosis), has added the JumpStart® Softback™ to its Fast Fit® line of prefabricated braces. This AFO is designed to provide lightweight, comfortable...
Low-Temperature Thermoplastic Made in U.S.
Since its inception in 1981, JMS Plastics Supply has been committed to partnering with its orthopedic customers for product satisfaction, including plastic materials, covering and cushioning materials, and equipment and supplies. New from JMS Plastics is a...

















