LER Cover Story:
Snake Bites to the Lower Extremity Reported to U.S. Emergency Departments
Background: Thousands of snake bites occur in the U.S. each year. Venomous snake bites can produce serious adverse effects, and even bites from nonvenomous snakes may cause adverse effects. Snake bites are often treated at hospital emergency departments (EDs). The objective of this study was to describe snake bites to the lower extremity treated at US hospital EDs.
By Mathias B. Forrester, BS
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Feature Articles
Articular cartilage rehab starts with examination
Successful management of articular cartilage lesions starts with a thorough examination emphasizing patient history, range of motion limitations, and an understanding of underlying anatomy and biomechanics.
By Walter L. Jenkins, PT, DHS, ATC
Diabetes affects fracture healing at cellular level
Patients with diabetes are at increased risk for delayed union or nonunion following skeletal trauma or elective orthopedic surgery, due to impaired osseous regeneration.
By David N. Paglia MS, Siddhant K. Mehta BS, Kristen Mason BS, Eric A. Breitbart MD, Aaron Wey BS, Andrew Park MS, Swaroopa Vaidya MS, Ravi Verma BS, Dana Graves PhD, J. Patrick O’Connor PhD, and Sheldon S. Lin MD
Strengthening the case for carbon fiber AFOs
Clinicians are already embracing carbon-fiber ankle foot orthoses, which provide a dynamic assist and may even help strengthen calf muscles in patients with foot drop. Now, slowly, research is exploring how these devices can best be used.
by Cary Groner
Plantar pressure and gait in patients with diabetes
Researchers have explored numerous offloading strategies to decrease plantar pressures in patients with diabetes, but few have studied whether making a deliberate change to a patient’s walking pattern might have a similar effect on pressure distribution.
by Mansoo Ko, PhD
Splinting and stretching for plantar fasciitis pain
Evidence suggests that calf muscle stretching, whether manually or with the aid of a brace or splint, can help alleviate plantar fasciitis pain. What’s less clear is which protocol is most effective.
By Neena K Sharma, PT, PhD, CMPT, and Gurpreet Singh, PT
Stair negotiation alters stability in older adults
Nowhere are the effects of aging on gait mechanics and neuromuscular control more apparent than on the stairs, an all- too-common site of fall-related injuries in older adults. Prevention starts with understanding the unique demands of stair ascent and descent.
By Alison C. Novak, MSc, Samantha M. Reid, MSc, Patrick A. Costigan, PhD, and Brenda Brouwer, PhD
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Industry News & Updates
Costello Named GW’s PT Program Director
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A Message From the Publisher
Welcome to Lower Extremity Review or LER as we call it. This long awaited magazine fills the lower extremity information gap for practitioners in the fields of Podiatry, Physical Therapy, O&P Pedorthics, and Orthopedics. With over 20 years experience in multi-disciplinary editorial development and publishing, the collaboration of this incredible team has made this publication possible
Rich Dubin
Publisher and Chief Executive Officer
Featured Products
Lower Extremity Review
Hames Air Brace
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Comfortmaxx Orthoses
New from Footmaxx is the Comfortmaxx hand-crafted custom orthosis line featuring 100% merino wool and designed with comfort in mind. Merino wool helps keep feet warm in cold months and cool in hot months, and helps eliminate odor, all of which provide year-round...
Coral Joint Supplement
Coral introduces Coral Joint & Collagen Support, a supplement engineered to help maintain bone health and joint flexibility. Ingredients include above-the-sea EcoSafe coral minerals and vitamins D3, K1, and K2 for healthy bones; MSM (methylsulfonylmethane),...
EVO Quatro Ankle Stabilizer
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Impacto Ergo Mates
Among the newest additions to the Impacto Protective Products foot protection line are Ergo Mates. Ergo Mates are designed to reduce fatigue, pain, and discomfort when walking or standing for long periods. A mobile anti-fatigue matting system absorbs impact shock and...
Ironman Insoles
Spenco introduces new Ironman insoles, specifically engineered to help endurance athletes conquer challenges. Available in Ironman Race and Ironman Train configurations, the insoles offer a combination of cushioning and stability designed to be ideally suited to the...
Orthoflex Thermoplastic
Orthoflex, new from Allied O&P Supply, is a flexible, formable thermoplastic material designed for below-knee socket liners, above-knee socket liners, ankle foot orthosis cushioning, inner booties, shock absorption, and other orthotic and prosthetic applications....
Square Toe Post-Op Shoe
Powerstep’s new Square Toe Post-Op Shoe is designed to provide protection for the foot following surgery or trauma. A rigid heel counter and ankle strap hold the foot securely in place to control motion in the shoe. The soft breathable mesh upper and padded heel...
Arcopedico Cork Sandals
Arcopedico USA takes a refreshing look at women’s comfort footwear with its cork sandals. The sandals feature bright hues, flirty wedges, leather and knit straps, anti-slip thermal rubber, and lightweight soles made from natural Portuguese cork. The casual and...

















